<p>The Naniboujou Club Lodge is a resort and restaurant built as part of a private club on the North Shore of Lake Superior in Cook County, Minnesota, United States, about 15 mi east of Grand Marais. It is named after Naniboujou, a character from the Cree, and the lodges décor has both Native American and Art Deco influences. Commenced in the twilight of the Jazz Age, the clubs grandiose plans succumbed to the economic realities of the Great Depression, and only the clubhouse was built. That building retains its original design and is listed as a historic property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wealthy businessmen from Duluth, Minnesota, planned a resort on 3,330 acre along the newly opened North Shore Highway Membership was to be limited, and free memberships were given to public figures of the day in order to attract other members.</p><br>
<p>Plans included a golf course, swimming pool, tennis courts, a marina, a 150–room clubhouse, and an inland hunting lodge, Much of the land became part of Judge C. R. Magney State Park, but the lakeshore property on which the lodge is located remained in private hands. Thereafter the lodge has had a number of owners, who operated it as part of a hotel chain and later as a family resort.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and décor</h2><br>
<p>The Naniboujou Club Lodge is on the National Register of Historic Places. It was nominated for the Register in 1982, as it had retained "its original design in a good state of preservation".</p><br>
<p>Design elements include architectural features such as polygonal towers, cedar shakes, a gambrel roof pierced by dormers, and French doors topped by sashes with pointed crowns. The Cree theme of the lodge is displayed in the common room, which has a 200-short-ton (180 t) native rock fireplace about 12 ft high. Inset above the hearth is a native welcome symbol in the shape of a sunburst, made of the same water-rounded stone used in the fireplace. The chamber&#39;s walls and ceilings were painted by the artist Antoine Gouffe (who was of French descent and studied art in Paris) with other native-inspired designs and have been called a "psychedelic marriage of Art Deco and traditional Cree Indian patterns".</p><br>
<h2>The lodge today</h2><br>
<p>Now known as Naniboujou Lodge and Restaurant, the property is a privately owned hotel and restaurant. The sleeping wings contain the hotel rooms, and the former common area, still bearing its original decoration, is now the dining hall. Later changes to the building have continued the Cree theme.</p><br>
<p>Facilities include a restaurant, in the former Great Hall club commons, and a solarium. Lake Superior and the Brule River adjoin the 9 acre plot on which the resort is located. Across the highway are the exotic rock formations and natural beauties of Judge C. R. Magney State Park, created from the former clubs lands, including the Devils Kettle. Nearby are other state parks and the Superior National Forest, which offer canoeing, hiking, camping, and fishing in the North Woods and lakes of Minnesota&#39;s Arrowhead Region.</p><br>
<h2>Naniboujou in modern culture</h2><br>
<p>Naniboujou Lodge has been featured in books on tourism in Minnesota or the North Shore. Monica Ferris&#39; murder mystery novel Unraveled Sleeve is set at Naniboujou Lodge. Naniboujou Club Lodge has also been featured in Minnesota Monthly.</p><br>
<h2>Nanabozho</h2><br>
<p>In Anishinaabe mythology, particularly among the Ojibwa, Nanabozho is a spirit who figures prominently in their storytelling, including their account of the world&#39;s creation. Nanabozho is the Ojibwe trickster figure and culture hero (these two archetypes are often combined into a single figure in First Nations mythologies). He plays a similar role as the Saulteaux Wiisagejaak (Cree Wisakedjak).</p><br>
<p>The William J. Dickey House is located on Imperial Avenue in Cohoes, New York, United States. It was built for Dickey, the superintendent of a local textile mill, in 1890, by an unknown architect.</p><br>
<p>It is a well-preserved example of local Queen Anne-style residential architecture. In 1998 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is a frame two-story three-bay home with a cross-gabled roof that comes to a jerkin shape in the front (west) side. A porch wraps around the first story to the south elevation. The south bay on the front side is projecting, with Stick-style decoration between the second-story window and roofline. On the south side is another projecting two-story bay with similarly tall bay window. The north profile features a round-arched stained glass window that illuminates a staircase.</p><br>
<p>The interior retains much of the original finishing. Most noteworthy among it is the wall plaster, architraves and door surrounds.</p><br>
<p>In the rear of the property is a small barn with clapboard siding and a gabled roof. It is considered a contributing resource and is now the house&#39;s garage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Imperial Avenue was one of the first streets laid out after Cohoes reincorporated as a city in 1869 and extended the municipal boundary to the west, opening up possibilities for new homes for the citys managerial class. It runs across the top of a sharp rise a mile west of downtown. Dickeys house is at the highest point on the street.</p><br>
<p>The Cohoes Daily News of March 1, 1890, reported on Dickey&#39;s move into his new house. He and his wife, having taken up residence a few days previously, received a surprise visit from their friends, who gave them a hanging lamp as a housewarming gift.</p><br>
<p>Ten years later, in the early 20th century, the stained glass window was put in. There have been no other significant alterations to the house since then. It remains a private residence today.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Building is a historic commercial building located at 401-411 North Main Street in Downtown Pueblo, Colorado, USA. The building was built in 1925 for the Southern Colorado Investment Company, and was designed by the William N. Bowman Co. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 17, 1992.</p><br>
<p>It is a four-story building with tapestry brick, predominantly dark red, on its facades. It has vertical divisions of windows set off by columns of off-white brick. It has eight of these divisions on its Main Street facade, and 16 vertical divisions on its 4th Street facade. It has rectangular white panels, outlined in red, under each window on its second, third, and fourth floors, which were to hold 160 office rooms. It has a parapet and it has a terra cotta frieze just below its cornice.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Bard Memorial Hospital, now known as The Elizabeth Bard Memorial Building, is a historic building in downtown Ventura, California. Built in 1901, it is a Mission Revival structure featuring covered terraces and a covered porch with a three-story bell tower at the southeast corner. The building was listed as Ventura Historic Landmark No. 19 in 1976 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>After being operated as a hospital for nearly 30 years, the building was sold to the County of Ventura in 1932. It was used by the county for 44 years as offices for county officials and as a detention facility. In 1982, after being sold to a private investment group, the building was extensively renovated. The building was substantially expanded at the rear of the property, but the historic front and side facades were preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Planning and construction</h2><br>
<p>In 1900, Dr. Cephas L. Bard, with backing from his brother Thomas R. Bard, purchased for $3,000 a quarter of a block at the corner of Fir and Poli streets in Ventura. The land was acquired for the purpose of building a large hospital in memory of their mother, Elizabeth Bard. Cephas Bard had been practicing medicine in Ventura since 1868 and was the first president of the Ventura County Medical Association and a past president of the California State Medical Society. Thomas Bard was one of the founders of Unocal Corporation who also served as a USA Senator from 1900 to 1905.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the hospital continued throughout 1901.</p><br>
<p>The hospital opened in January 1902. Dr. Bard became seriously ill in February 1902 and died at the new hospital in April 1902 at age 56.</p><br>
<h2>Operation as a hospital</h2><br>
<p>Following the death of Cephas Bard, members of the Bard family continued to operate the hospital for more than 20 years. In 1923, the building was donated to the Big Sisters League. For approximately eight years, the League continued to operate the hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Use by County of Ventura</h2><br>
<p>When the new Hospital de Buenaventura (later renamed Community Memorial Hospital) was under construction, the Big Sisters League agreed to sell the building to the City of Ventura for $60,000. However, a city bond measure to pay for the purchase was defeated by voters. In August 1931, the County of Ventura stepped in and agreed to purchase the building for $25,000. The sale closed in March 1932.</p><br>
<p>The County owned and used the building for 44 years from 1932 to 1976. In the early years after the purchase by the county, the western portion of the building became a detention facility, and other parts of the building were used as office space for the county welfare department and county statistician. In later years, it provided offices for the county&#39;s human relations commission, farm advisor, and agricultural bureau.</p><br>
<p>By 1975, the building had fallen into disrepair with peeling paint, broken windows, holes in the ceiling, and some parts deemed unsafe and used only for storage.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation and renovation</h2><br>
<p>The City of Ventura designated the building as Ventura Historic Landmark No. 19 on March 8, 1976.</p><br>
<p>In September 1976, the County sold the building to Inventors Workshop International (IWI) for $91,500. IWI stated that it intended to renovate the building and to use a portion of the building as an exhibit center for inventions and the remainder of the building as the company&#39;s headquarters. IWI owned the building for five years and undertook only limited renovation work. The main portion of the building was declared unsafe, and IWI used only a rear annex of the building to conduct its operations.</p><br>
<p>At IWI&#39;s request, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in November 1977.</p><br>
<p>In late 1981, IWI sold the building for $500,000 to an investment group in Woodland Hills. In 1982, the new ownership group extensively renovated the building at a cost of $1.3 million. Architect David Osborne finalized the plans for the work. The renovation included the following elements:</p><br>
<p>An addition variously stated to be 2,800, 5,000, or 7,000 square feet, extending the second floor north to Buena Vista Street</p><br>
<p>Creation of eight office suites ranging from 1,087 to 2,620 square feet</p><br>
<p>Demolition of a small building in the rear, which was found to be infested with termites</p><br>
<p>Reinforcement of the main supporting columns which were found to stand on unreinforced beach rocks.</p><br>
<p>Enclosure of the bell tower at the building&#39;s southeast corner; and</p><br>
<p>Removal of a large concrete slab laid in front of the hospital in 1906</p><br>
<p>Replacement of roof tiles with the exception of the bell tower where the original tiles were retained.</p><br>
<p>The renovated building was opened for leasing in February 1983.</p><br>
<p>The old First Methodist Episcopal Church, also known as First Methodist Episcopal Church, South, is a historic redbrick Southern Methodist church building located at 400 Broadway in Pueblo, Colorado. Designed by George W. Roe in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture, it was built in 1902. In 1939 it became the Trinity Methodist Church. Bought by the George F McCarthy Funeral Home in 1954, it is now the George McCarthy Historic Chapel and is used for funeral services.</p><br>
<p>On November 14, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>It is a one-and-a-half-story stretcher bond brick building.</p><br>
<p>The church was organized in 1871 and had its first building, the Corona Chapel, built in 1877 at what is now 217 Midway.</p><br>
<p>Feraud General Merchandise Store, also known as 1903 Building, was built in 1903 in Ventura, California. Jules Feraud opened the Feraud Bakery and Grocery Store and the bakery stayed in the family until 1944. The brick building is a rare intact example of turn-of-the-century commercial architecture during Second Land Boom  after the tracks of the Southern Pacific Railroad arrived in Ventura. The City Council of Ventura designated the building Historic Landmark Number 35 by resolution on July 17, 1978. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Location and notable uses</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally occupied by a general merchandise store and bakery operated by Jules Feraud, an immigrant from France. Feraud moved to Ventura in 1875, became a partner in the Ventura Bakery on Main Street, and eventually bought out his partner. By 1890, Feraud had moved his bakery, which by then also included a grocery store and saloon, to a wood-frame structure on the southwest corner of Main Street and Ventura Avenue. In 1903, Feraud built a new and larger brick structure on the site. In the new building, Feraud operated a grocery, bakery, feed and hay warehouse. In later years, Feraud was assisted in operating the business by his sons, Anselmo, Frank, Charles, Ernest, and Anthony. Jules retired in 1927 and died in 1929 at age 78. Frank Feraud continued operating the store until at least 1941.</p><br>
<p>From the mid-1940s until 1970, the building was operated as an automotive center.</p><br>
<p>The primary address is 2 W. Main Street where a bar currently operates. 12 W. Main Street became a barbershop in the mid-1940s where Phillip E. Marquez "Phil the Barber" operated for 63 years. Phil the Barber retired in 2010 at the age of 96 and died on February 15, 2011. His family was among the original settlers of what was known as "Tortilla Flats" and he was considered a local icon cutting hair for generations of Venturans on the West Side. The Mayor Of Ventura declared June 5, 2011 "Phil Marquez Day" The Store currently operates as Artisan Soap and Bath store, but has photos of Phil donated by the Marquez Family on Display. There are also two addresses, 25 and 35 south Ventura Avenue, along the side of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses Paddy&#39;s Bar and Lounge.</p><br>
<h2>Historical context</h2><br>
<p>The Mission San Buenaventura is about two blocks east of the building as the early commercial district was centered around the mission including the extant Arcade Building, 38-50 west Main Street, that is just west of the Feraud building.</p><br>
<p>These buildings are just outside the Mission Historic District that lies on the other side of Ventura Avenue to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Emmanuel Franz House is an Italianate style Victorian historical residence located within downtown Ventura, in coastal Ventura County, California.</p><br>
<p>The wood and brick Franz House was built from 1879 to 1891. The house has an interesting front stoop and widow&#39;s watch.</p><br>
<p>The City Council of Ventura designated this building Historic Landmark Number 21 by resolution on March 29, 1976. The house was listed in 1982 on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The J. Leonard Lackman House is located on Imperial Avenue in Cohoes, New York, United States. Lackman was a local gunsmith and locksmith. His descendants still own and reside in the house as of 2009.</p><br>
<p>It was built in the late 19th century in the then-popular Queen Anne architectural style. In 1998 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story, two-bay wood frame dwelling on a stone foundation. The first story is sided in clapboard; the second in imbricate shingle, flaring out at the floor line slightly. Both are currently painted different colors. The roof is steeply pitched and gabled.</p><br>
<p>The mass of the house is broken up on every side in different ways, most noticeably at the front. The facade there, facing the street to the west, features the entrance&#39;s double wooden doors inside an enclosed porch on the north bay. It in turn has a pedimented roof. Above it rises a small turret with a window in the chamfered north and west and columns that rise to support a steep conical spirelet. To the south of the porch is a large, projecting bay window. This is topped with an overhanging bay on the second story and then the overhanging gabled dormer above it, bracketed by carved swags.</p><br>
<p>On the north, the profile is broken by a projecting bay as well, on both stories, supporting another gable with carved swag brackets. A nearby stair bay is lit by a round-topped stained glass window. The south elevation features an enclosed brick porch with corbeled columns supporting a frieze at the flared roofline. Another porch, this time wooden, is on the east (rear) facade, which offers a view over downtown Cohoes and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The interior has seen little change. Many of its decorative features survive, such as the wall plaster, door surrounds, architraves, patterned metal ceilings and mantels. The entry hall, its newel-posted stairway lit by the stained-glass window on the north profile, has an inlaid parquet floor, delicate fireplace and mantel.</p><br>
<p>The Minnequa Steel Works Office Building and Dispensary are historic buildings in Pueblo, Colorado. The main office building served as headquarters of Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. The medical dispensary building served as a medical clinic for treatment of minor injuries and illnesses, and in later years, as both clinic and personnel office for the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. Opened in 1902, the six-room Spanish Mission style building contained waiting, drug, consultation, surgical and storage rooms, in addition to sleeping and office quarters for attending physicians. In 1902, as the company payroll exceeded 5,000 employees, the Dispensary handled an average of seventy-five cases daily. As employee numbers grew, medical staff also began treating families of employees. The building was used as a medical building for mill employees until the early 1990s. The Minnequa Steelworks Office Building, built in 1901, served as company headquarters until the early 1990s. Here, many office functions occurred including purchasing, finance, payroll, engineering, and other administrative functions. The building complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, amended to the National Level of Significance of the National Register of Historic Places in 2008, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2021. Owned and operated by the, the medical dispensary building is the home of the Steelworks Museum of Industry and Culture, which opened on January 19, 2007. The museum&#39;s exhibits include the local history of coal mining, steel production, railroads, labor, and the impact of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company on the region. The main administration building will serve as the second phase of the Steelworks Museum of Industry and Culture in the coming years.</p><br>
<p>The Pueblo County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Pueblo, Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The building, designed by New Yorker Albert Ross, and executed in 1908&ndash;12 in brick and white sandstone, was the third building to serve as the county courthouse.</p><br>
<p>It has a very unusual double dome, i.e. there is an area between interior and exterior domes.</p><br>
<p>The stones are set in stretcher bond.</p><br>
<p>Portions of its interior are decorated by stencil wall painting and murals by J. Charles Schnorr, some with gold leaf work. These decorate the rotunda walls, the County Commissions Chambers and the buildings three courtrooms, including their canvas ceilings of the courtrooms. Schnorr was a regionally known painter who lived in Pueblo. He studied in New York, Vienna, and Paris.</p><br>
<p>The pediment over the main entry has an elaborate tympanum.</p><br>
<p>The Pueblo Federal Building is a historic government building in Pueblo, Colorado, built in 1897. The building serves as a federal courthouse and post office. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architect William Aiken. It was built at cost of $275,000. "The Post Office is characteristic of many other fine government structures constructed in the late 1800s, though it is the only example of this type of architecture in the region."</p><br>
<p>The Quaker Flour Mill, also known as Show Room, is a historic building in Pueblo, Colorado. The building once served as a flour mill and in 1976 it was a theatre. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Its original portion, built in 1869, is the oldest building in Pueblo. It was used first by the Quaker Flour Mill, and, from 1879, by the South Pueblo Flour Mill. In about 1890 it was bought by the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co. which operated it to bottle and distribute beer, up to the Prohibition.</p><br>
<p>It was built as a four-story building with sandstone block walls 30 in thick. In 1890 the fourth floor and the gable roof were removed and a two-story brick section was added at the front. A one-story extension to the rear was added in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Rood Candy Company Building is a historic manufacturing plant of the Rood Candy Company in Pueblo, Colorado, United States. It was built in 1909 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The company was founded by Aaron Rood, who was born in Windham County, Connecticut in 1845. He served in Company B, Ninety-Second Illinois Infantry, during the American Civil War. He moved to Boulder, Colorado in 1872 and to Pueblo in 1895. He helped build the Pueblo Cracker and Confectionery Company which was sold to the American Biscuit Company in 1891. He founded the Colorado Confectionery Company in the early 1900s which became the Rood Candy Company around 1910. It was one of the leading candy manufacturers in the state, operating up to the late 1930s.</p><br>
<p>There is the main building and also a second contributing building, which is a gable-roofed stable.</p><br>
<p>Pueblo Union Depot is the historic railroad station in Pueblo, Colorado. It was built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style in 1889–1890 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is located within the Union Avenue Historic Commercial District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Initially the station was served by the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the Colorado & Southern Railway (which was acquired by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad in 1908), the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and the Chicago Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Today the Union Pacific Railroad and the BNSF Railroad share use of the tracks, and the depot is privately owned. Regular passenger train service no longer exists, though there are proposals such as Front Range Passenger Rail, which would provide service to Denver and Colorado Springs. In addition, the depot has been proposed to operate on Amtrak&#39;s Southwest Chief.</p><br>
<p>Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson arrived at the depot, as did vice-presidential candidate Joe Biden and presidential candidate John Kerry.</p><br>
<p>Bardsdale United Methodist Church is a historic church located at 1498 Bardsdale Avenue in the unincorporated community of Bardsdale, California, in Ventura County. It is south of the Santa Clara River approximately 3 mi from Fillmore.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1898, as Bardsdale Methodist Episcopal Church, this carpenter Gothic structure with a 60 ft bell tower and high-peaked arches has long been a center of community life in Bardsdale. The town&#39;s namesake, Thomas R. Bard, donated the land for construction of the church and parsonage. He also donated funds to help purchase two large stained glass windows installed in the north and west walls.</p><br>
<p>When the church opened, in April 1898, the Los Angeles Times reported on its dedication:"The Bardsdale Methodist Episcopal Church was dedicated last Sunday by Dr. G.W. White of Los Angeles. The building cost $2550, will seat 350 persons, and has a fine basement fitted for social gatherings. There was $550 remaining due on the building, which was subscribed Sunday morning."</p><br>
<p>On April 23, 1968, the Methodist Church was merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church to form the United Methodist Church. The name was then changed to Bardsdale United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the ceiling fell on a parishioner during a service in 1982, leading to an extensive renovation. The renovation and restoration work included materials purchased from a church in Los Angeles that had closed in 1982. The materials salvaged from that church included stained-glass windows, an oak chancel, chandeliers, pews, marble facing around the interior doors, a hand-carved pulpit, lectern and communion rail.</p><br>
<p>The church also features a Schoenstein pipe organ that was purchased in 1986, with $60,000 donated by parishioners. In a tradition dating back to the mid-1960s, the Bardsdale Chancel Choir performs a free holiday vesper program during the Christmas season.</p><br>
<p>The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board designated the clapboard church County Landmark #50 in 1979, calling it "the only example of carpenter Gothic in the Fillmore-Bardsdale area." The Gothic church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Cathedral is located in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Nebraskas first Episcopal parish, Trinity was established in 1856, and became the states first Episcopal cathedral in 1872. Designed by noted English architect Henry G. Harrison in 1880, the cathedral was consecrated on November 15, 1883. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Today Trinity Cathedral is considered one of the most beautiful churches in Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trinity was begun organized by the Right Reverend David Jackson Kemper on July 13, 1856. The first church was built at South Ninth and Farnam Streets. The congregation lost control of the first church building in 1864; the second building was lost to fire in 1868. The third church was built the next year, and was used until the cathedral was constructed. The Right Reverend Robert Harper Clarkson broke ground for the new cathedral, later laying the cornerstone on May 25, 1880. The cost of the cathedral was about $100,000 by the time it was completed three years later.</p><br>
<p>The church served as the base of many Episcopal missions to areas of the western United States. It is the episcopal seat of the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Nebraska.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>It is built in the late Late Gothic Revival style, with rock-faced masonry walls and stone tracery over more than 43 stained glass lancet windows. The church is almost entirely of bluestone from Illinois, in a design that is nearly cruciform with an entry tower extending outward. The exterior of the building has more than six stone crosses at varying points of its roof line. Its design was influenced by the Oxford Movement in the Episcopal church, which led to a revival of medieval styles, as well as an interest in historic design at the time in United States architecture.</p><br>
<p>The interior features Gothic design throughout, including aisles, nave, transept, choir, and a clerestory. The church includes a noted carved oak bishops throne and deans stall.</p><br>
<p>The John W. Jones House currently stands at 1250 Davis Street, Elmira, New York, across from a historic entrance to Woodlawn Cemetery. It is the former home of John W. Jones and current home of the John W. Jones Museum. It stands on part of its original property, though it originally faced College Avenue. Historically, the house was the private residence of John W. Jones and his family, but changed ownership several times since, and was used as rental property that fell into disrepair. Condemned by the City of Elmira in 1997, Lucy Brown brought it to the public&#39;s attention and with a group of concerned citizens, saved it from demolition. It is now the home to the John W. Jones Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum emphasizes Elmiras role as the only regular agency and published station on the Underground Railroad between Philadelphia and St. Catharines, Canada, and explores Mr. Joness community involvement and his relationship with his contemporaries. It also highlights the history of African Americans who settled in the Southern Tier of New York and the activity of local abolitionists.</p><br>
<h2>John W. Jones</h2><br>
<p>John W. Jones came to Elmira as an escaped slave from Virginia in the 1840s. He was an active abolitionist and worked extensively with the Underground Railroad. He became sexton of Woodlawn Cemetery. During the American Civil War, he was responsible for burying the Confederate dead from the nearby Elmira prison camp in the section of the cemetery that eventually became Woodlawn National Cemetery. The John W. Jones House is built, at least in part, from portions of the camp sold at auction upon its disbandment. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral Building , built in 1914, was the first Gothic Revival style skyscraper west of the Mississippi River, located in Oakland, California.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is also called the "Wedding Cake" for its appearance, which resembles New York&#39;s Flatiron Building. Its narrow, triangular form is a result of its location on Latham Square, where Telegraph Avenue branches off diagonally from Broadway. It was designed by architect Benjamin Geer McDougall. It was developed by Brog Properties, a Downtown Oakland development firm who renovated the building for mixed residential and commercial units. In June 2015, the United Nations Foundation commissioned Bay Area street artist Zio Ziegler to create a mural on the Cathedral Building&#39;s north-facing wall. The mural commemorates the signing of the United Nations Charter in San Francisco, California on June 26, 1945.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 2, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The third floor of the Cathedral Building was the setting for Cassius&#39;s apartment in the Oakland-based Boots Riley film Sorry to Bother You.</p><br>
<p>The Aftermath Clubhouse is a two-story, wood-frame Italian Villa building which was originally constructed in 1904. It is estimated to be the first women&#39;s clubhouse in the state of Washington.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Aftermath Reading Circle first formed in 1895, as a literary and social club for women of New Whatcom. The organization encouraged socialization, intellectual discussion and became a means for participating in community affairs. Once the informal reading Circle transformed into the formal Aftermath Club, the members took it upon themselves to raise funds to purchase property and build a permanent clubhouse. Designed by local architect Frank C. Burns, construction on the clubhouse began in October 1904 and it was officially dedicated on April 24, 1905 with a grand reception. For many years in Whatcom County it was the only clubhouse owned by its members. As a testament to their success, the Aftermath Club managed to pay off the debt of their clubhouse while continuing their charitable and philanthropic ventures.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Clubhouse is still privately owned and is rented out for events. For years, the second floor was considered to be one of the best ballrooms in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Hall is owned and operated by Westford Funeral Home. The hall has been renovated and upgraded to reflect its original character, and is available for weddings, funerals, parties, dances and community events. It has over 5,000 square feet of space available for rent and is listed on the National and State Historic Registers</p><br>
<p>The Elm Street Congregational Church is a historic church in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1885, it is a high quality local example of high Victorian Gothic Revival architecture executed in brick. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The congregation, founded in 1801, is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elm Street Congregational Church is set on the east side of Elm Street, just south of Main Street and opposite Dresser Street. It is a single-story brick structure with elaborate high Victorian styling, oriented with its long side perpendicular to the street, and its main entrance in the transept near its far end. It has a steeply pitched roof with flanking pinnacles, decorative brickwork, and Gothic-arched stained glass windows. Its tower, located at the northeast corner, is square with buttressed sides, but lacks its upper stages, which were blown down in the 1938 New England hurricane and have not been replaced. The church is the only one of its type in the city, but is built of brick compatible with other nearby civic buildings.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1801, separating from the towns first congregation, which was interdenominational. It first met in a hall built on the site of the old parish house in 1801, until a new church was built in 1822 at the present location. In 1884 that buildings steeple was blown into the roof by a storm, and the present building was built to replace it the following year. The new building was built at a cost of $17,500 and dedicated on September 4, 1885.</p><br>
<p>The minister is the Reverend Kathryn Light. The church is a member of the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>The Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, formerly the Evangelical Free Church, is a historic church building at 446 Hamilton Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1869 for a nominally non-denominational congregation of senior Hamilton Woolen Company employees, it has house an Episcopal congregation since 1921. The building is architecturally noted for its Romanesque and Gothic Revival features, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The church is located on the north side of Hamilton Street, east of (and across the Quinebaug River from) the former Hamilton Woolen Company mill complex. It is a roughly rectangular brick building, with a steeply pitched front-facing gable roof. A tower rises at the southwest corner, its open belfry framed by paired round-arch openings and topped by a pyramidal roof with a flared edge. The building features are mainly Romanesque, with round-arch windows, paneled nave walls, and corbelled eaves. However, it also has Victorian Gothic touches, including its front entry porch and polychromatic slate roof.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1869 by the Hamilton Woolen Company for a nominally non-denominational congregation of its senior employees and owners. The congregation was in practice Congregationalist, and was sometimes referred to derisively as the "Church of the Holy Supervisors". In 1921, with its enrollment declining, the company sold the building to the Holy Trinity Episcopalian congregation, which had been accumulating a building fund since 1909. It was severely damaged by fires in 1930 and 1940, but rebuilt after each one. The parish hall, which extends to the right of the main building, was added in 1958.</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame Catholic Church is a historic church in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It is one of two churches serving the Parish of Saint John Paul II; Saint Mary Church, located at the corner of Marcy and Hamilton Street, also serves as the location of the Parish Center and Rectory.</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame was built from 1912 to 1916 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Notre Dame Parish was founded in 1869 to serve the needs of the French Canadian community of Southbridge who migrated here beginning in the 1830s. A frame wood church was built shortly thereafter. The second Pastor Msgr Georges Elzar Brochu began to raise funds for a much larger church in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>In 1895 Msgr Brochu purchased land at the corner of Main and Marcy for the new church. Part of the purchase agreement stipulated that the church could not actually be built until after the death of Mr. Marcy, the prior owner. As a result, Msgr Brochu, who died in 1904 was unable to begin construction which was eventually undertaken by his successor, Msgr Louis O. Trigonne after Mr. Marcy died in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame Church was the last of three churches built in Massachusetts for French congregations by Canadian architect Joseph Venne. The others were St. Anthony Church in New Bedford, Massachusetts (Venne&#39;s earliest church in the US, begun 1902) and Notre Dame Church in Adams, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The building is 190 feet in length and the nave is 75 feet wide. The transept is 123 feet across and the ceiling is 55 feet high. The tower is 210 feet high and has extensive views of the Southbridge area.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>The organ at Notre Dame Church was built in 1916 by the Casavant Frères Pipe Organ Company of Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Opus 649. The large French Romantic instrument of 4 manuals and 42 ranks is capable of performing the full spectrum of organ literature. It is one of the largest and most complete instruments of any Catholic church in the State of Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Church Historic District encompasses the complex of buildings associated with the Sacred Heart Church on Charlton Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. The complex, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, is the second Roman Catholic parish  built to serve Southbridge&#39;s growing Franco-American population. The four buildings in the complex were built between 1909 and 1926 in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The parish was formally established in 1908, and construction on its buildings began in 1909. The first two to be built were the rectory and convent. The rectory, at 40 Charlton Street, is a -story brick structure with a hipped roof which is pierced by a few gable dormers. Its front facade features a central rounded bay, and both side facades have projecting rectangular bays. The convent is of similar styling, except its front facade features two side rounded bays and a central porch. Its rear facade also features an entry porch.</p><br>
<p>The school, which opened in 1910, was at first run by the Sisters of Nicolette, who also ran the Notre Dame parish school. The building is a large two-story brick block, with projecting sections at the center of each side that rise up to the roof line on three sides, and above the main roof line on the front, which features three round Roman arched doorways. The main roof his hipped, as are the roof lines of the projecting sections.</p><br>
<p>The church was not completed until 1926. Unlike the other buildings, it has a marked Gothic character, with Gothic-style arched windows, buttresses, and Gothic ornamental detailing.</p><br>
<p>Oak Glen is a historic house at 745 Union Street in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a highly pitched gambrel roof and jerkin-headed  gable ends. The house was built about 1870 by Samuel and Julia Ward Howe as a summer retreat. The ell attached to the rear of the house is a c. 1850 cottage which was standing on the site when the Howes purchased the property. After Samuel Howe died in 1876, Julia  made this her permanent home. She died here on October 17, 1910, at the age of 91.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Pilgrim Congregational Church is a historic Congregational church building at 909 Main Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. The brick Romanesque Revival building was constructed in 1887 to a design by local architect Stephen Earle. The buildings windows and other details are trimmed in sandstone, and a tower with projecting rounded corners rises from one corner. It features an open belfry with round-arch openings and is capped by a steeply pitched roof, with decorative finials at the corners.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The McVickar House is located at 131 Main Street in Irvington, New York, United States. It is a wooden frame house built in the middle of the 19th century in the Greek Revival architectural style with some Picturesque decorative touches added later. In 2004 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built by John McVickar, an Episcopalian minister who moved to the area to be close to his friend Washington Irving and establish a school, which later became the nearby Church of St. Barnabas. His son, the churchs first pastor, lived in the house. It is the second oldest house on the villages Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Eventually it became the property of Consolidated Edison, the regional electric utility, which still runs a small facility in the backyard. It was rented out until the 1990s. Today, after extensive restoration, it is home to the Irvington Historical Society. It operates the house both as its offices and a museum whose exhibits include a section of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on the north side of Main Street between North Broadway (USA Route 9) and Dearman Street. Surrounding buildings are generally commercial buildings of a similar scale from the 20th century. To the north is the Church of St. Barnabas, also listed on the Register. Further down Main Street, which slopes west toward the Hudson River, are two other properties listed on the Register. The trailway over the Old Croton Aqueduct, a National Historic Landmark, intersects Main two blocks to the west. On the next block, at the corner of Main and North Ferris Street, is Irvington Town Hall, still the village&#39;s municipal building. Main and portions of its adjoining streets have been proposed for a future historic district.</p><br>
<p>The lot on which the house stands is 59 by in size. At its rear is an electrical substation that is not included in the Register listing. A small garden, set off from the sidewalk by a metal railing, is located at the street, next to the front steps on the west side.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is a two-and-a-half-story three-by-two-bay wood frame structure on a raised fieldstone foundation, allowing for an English basement at the front. It is sided in the original clapboard and topped with a side-gabled metal roof. A single brick chimney pierces it at the east end.</p><br>
<p>Wooden steps with decorative wooden railings of solid wood panels pierced by saw-cut quatrefoils climb to the hip-roofed porch which runs the length of the first story on the south (front) facade. Immediately east of them another set of steps leads down to the English basement, currently occupied by a small clothing store. The porch roof is supported by square pillars with knee braces at the top and a molded cornice. At the deck, a baluster similar to those on the steps up to the porch connects the pillars.</p><br>
<p>All windows are six-over-six double-hung sash. Those on the front are flanked by louvered shutters. On the northwest corner is an enclosed smaller porch supported by square columns with simple pedestals and capitals. The overhanging eaves of the rooflines are decorated with saw-cut vergeboards.</p><br>
<p>A paneled wooden door inside an entry with architrave, transom and sidelights in the westernmost bay leads to an entrance hall. The interior has been remodeled but retains some original features, most notably the staircase in that entrance hall. It has a turned mahogany newel post, round railing, and turned balusters.</p><br>
<p>In the front parlor the fireplace has its original wooden mantelpiece and chimney breast. The rear has been reconfigured, with some doors and walls removed. Upstairs is another original newel post, and some of the original lath and plaster on the walls. The basement has also been modified, but may have contained the original kitchen and dining room.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After a lengthy career in the Episcopal Church as a military chaplain and two-time acting president of Columbia University, where he taught the first course on political economy (the discipline now known as economics) in the USA, The Rev. John McVickar retired to what was then known as Dearman in 1852 and built the house. His goal was to establish a chapel school he had long envisioned, with help from his friends Washington Irving, who lived at the nearby Sunnyside estate, and John Jay. It was established on a 30 acre parcel just north of where the house is now.</p><br>
<p>McVickar persuaded his son William to come to Dearman to preside over the school. It did not last long, eventually moving north up the Hudson Valley and becoming the root of what is today Bard College. McVickar stayed as the rector of what was now the Church of St. Barnabas. He lived in the Greek Revival house his father had built until the current rectory at St. Barnabas was built.</p><br>
<p>At some point around William McVickar&#39;s death in 1868 the Picturesque detail was added to the original design. This was in keeping with trends of the time, particularly in the Hudson Valley, where the influence of Andrew Jackson Downing remained strong even after his death around the time John McVickar had taken up residence. As a result of the combination of Greek Revival form and plan with the Picturesque decoration, the house has a unique and distinct Victorian quality to it.</p><br>
<p>William McVickars daughters inherited the house from him. They sold it to their brother John a few months later, and he in turn sold it to a local grocer in 1870. It passed through a few other owners until 1957, when Consolidated Edison, the electric utility that serves Westchester County as well as New York City, bought the house in order to build the substation in the rear. They subdivided the houses interior and rented it out to various tenants through 1992.</p><br>
<p>After that time the house grew neglected. It had had asbestos composite shingles placed over its clapboard siding and asphalt shingles on its roof. In the early 2000s its historic potential was recognized and it was restored in order to serve as home to the Irvington Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Society moved in in 2005 when the work was done. The basement became a children&#39;s center and the first story the main exhibit hall. Upstairs the rooms are used for office space, storage and work.</p><br>
<p>Among the items in the permanent collection are a section of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, donated by the family of its builder, Cyrus West Field, who died in Irvington. and collectibles. The museum is open two afternoons a week.</p><br>
<p>Union Avenue Historic District is a historic district in Saratoga Springs, New York. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It includes at least the Congress Park portion of the Canfield Casino and Congress Park, a USA National Historic Landmark District. Union Avenue, which is part of New York State Route 9P, includes a number of stately Victorian homes built in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as buildings owned by Empire State College, some of which were once Skidmore College Buildings. Both the Saratoga Race Course and Yaddo are located on Union Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Captain&#39;s Houses are a row of four nearly identical houses built along Corsica Creek in Centreville, Maryland after the Civil War. The houses are built on raised brick foundations into a small bluff along the creek, allowing access to the main level from the top of the bluff. The upper levels of the houses are framed construction.</p><br>
<p>The houses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Historic District is located along Broadway in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. It has a twofold character. The southern section is the commercial core of the city, with many of its important public and private buildings, most intact from its peak days as a resort town in that era. North Broadway is a residential neighborhood with many large Victorian houses built by frequent visitors to the town and its spas and racetrack.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Since then its boundaries have twice been increased to include some adjacent areas after new information became available about the buildings in them, one of which is a church by Richard Upjohn. Another contributing property, the post office, was later listed on the Register in its own right.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district follows a one-mile (1.6 km) stretch of Broadway and North Broadway, from the vicinity of Congress Park to a small portion that overlaps into the Town of Greenfield just north of the city limits near Skidmore College, where the street becomes Glen Mitchell Road. It is divided into residential and commercial sections by the intersection with Van Dam Street roughly midway between its two termini. Some portions of neighboring blocks and streets are included.</p><br>
<p>The south end is at the junction of Broadway (also US 9/NY 50) and Spring Street (NY 9P). Some of the properties on Spring to the east (where the district is bordered by the East Side Historic District and Washington Street (NY 29) as far as Woodlawn Avenue to the west are included. Both sides of Broadway (120 ft wide at this point) are included to the junction with Church Street (NY 9N&#39;s southern terminus on the west, and NY 29 on the east), at the post office and city hall, along with properties half a block deep in either direction.</p><br>
<p>At Grove Street the eastern boundary returns to the side of Broadway in order to exclude some more modern buildings on that side. Two blocks to the north, at Van Dam, routes 9 and 50 split off from Broadway to the northeast and become a divided highway. Here the boundary again takes in buildings around High Rock Spring on the east as it becomes Broadway Avenue for a block, then Rock Street and Greenfield Avenue. The west boundary follows Wiswall Lane to include houses on the east side of Woodlawn (Some of the areas on the other side are in the West Side Historic District).</p><br>
<p>The east boundary gradually follows rear property lines until First Street, where it runs down the middle of Bryant Street, including the houses on its west side except for some near the Fourth Street junction at the city line. The houses opposite Skidmore&#39;s main entrance are included; at the city line the west boundary begins.</p><br>
<p>Within this area delineated are 137 acre and over 160 buildings. In the northern half these are residential; to the south they are predominantly commercial with a few churches near the south end.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>High Rock Spring was known to the native peoples of the area and had long been visited by them for its supposed curative powers. In 1643 Father Isaac Jogues became the first European visitor to see it. Mohawks reportedly carried Sir William Johnson there on a stretcher in 1767, and his recovery went so well that he visited it again later several times. It was well known enough that George Washington tried to buy it in 1783.</p><br>
<p>Gideon Putnam, considered the founder of Saratoga Springs, bought the land around Congress Spring to the south in 1802. He built the first hotel there and eight years later laid out a plan for the city&#39;s development. Broadway was always intended to be the main commercial street, and others built hotels on land sold to them by Putnam and his descendants. The coming of the railroad in the 1830s accentuated this, as it paralleled Broadway just to the west.</p><br>
<p>The tracks crossed Broadway at the Van Dam junction, following the route now used by routes 9 and 50. This created the break between commercial Broadway and residential North Broadway in the later years of the 19th century. Like the builders of the houses along Union Avenue, the North Broadway homeowners were primarily wealthy summer residents. But Union Avenue&#39;s visitors came from all over the country for the horse races, whereas those on North Broadway were from further south in the Capital District and primarily came to Saratoga Springs to take advantage of the baths and get away for the summer.</p><br>
<p>Today that area is home to a number of notable owners and trainers in thoroughbred racing.</p><br>
<p>The districts historic character is preserved by the citys Design Review Commission, a seven-member body appointed by the mayor to staggered three-year terms. It reviews any proposed signage and exterior changes to any building in any of the city&#39;s historic districts.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Adelphi Hotel, 361–65 Broadway. Built in 1877, this is the last surviving hotel from the 19th century. The porch, which features slender columns and open spandrels became known as the "Saratoga porch" because it was typical of the time and place.</p><br>
<p>Adirondack Trust Company Building, 473 Broadway. This is a marble-faced 1916 Beaux-Arts bank building by Alfred Hopkins featuring Tiffany bronze doors and chandeliers. All the decoration inside and out has Adirondack themes.</p><br>
<p>S.W. Ainsworth Building, 456–70 Broadway. Ornate High Victorian brick three-story commercial block with pediment dating it to 1871.</p><br>
<p>Bethesda Episcopal Church, 28 Washington Street. Richard Upjohn&#39;s original 1842 Gothic Revival design was enhanced in 1887 with a tower and new front facade.</p><br>
<p>City Hall, 474 Broadway. Ornate three-story brick Italianate building built in 1871 by Cummings & Burt of Troy.</p><br>
<p>Collamer Building, 480–94 Broadway. This large 1884 commercial building, similar in mass (three stories, 18 bays) to the Ainsworth Building down the street has a Queen Anne gable with miniature turrets.</p><br>
<p>Ellis House, 720 North Broadway. This two-and-a-half-story Romanesque Revival house is believed to have been built 1885–86 by Albany architect Albert Fuller. Has a three-story engaged tower and widow&#39;s walk.</p><br>
<p>High Rock Spring, Maple Avenue at Rock Street. The first known mineral water spring in the area flows in a polygonal stone springhouse below a steep ledge.</p><br>
<p>Presidents House, 670 North Broadway. The home of Skidmores president is a -story Colonial Revival frame house with projecting columned portico built between 1895 and 1900.</p><br>
<p>Reverey Gardens, 595 North Broadway. Hopkins designed this two-story Colonial Revival frame house in 1922. Ellen Shipman designed the gardens.</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office, 475 Broadway. Treasury Department supervising architect James Knox Taylor designed this Classical Revival building in 1910. At that time it had the most elaborate lobby of any post office in the state.</p><br>
<p>Adelphia Hotel, Saratoga Springs.jpgAdelphi Hotel</p><br>
<p>Adirondack Trust Co. Building, Saratoga Springs.jpgAdirondack Trust Company Building</p><br>
<p>Bethesda Episcopal Church, Saratoga Springs.jpgBethesda Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Saratoga City Hall, Saratoga Springs from southwest.jpgCity Hall</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office, Saratoga Springs.jpgUSA Post Office</p><br>
<p>The Centreville Armory in Centreville, Maryland, is part of a series of Maryland National Guard armories built in the 1920s in principal towns in Maryland. The armories followed a standard design with a castle-like front housing offices and meeting spaces, backed by a large drill hall.</p><br>
<p>The armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Centreville Armory was purchased by Wye River Upper School in 2010 and became the main campus of the independent co-educational day school for students with learning differences in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Wormsloe Historic Site, originally known as Wormsloe Plantation, is a state historic site near Savannah, Georgia, in the southeastern United States. The site consists of 822 acre protecting part of what was once the Wormsloe Plantation, a large estate established by one of Georgias colonial founders, Noble Jones . The site includes a picturesque 1.5 mi oak avenue, the ruins of Jones fortified house built of tabby, a museum, and a demonstration area interpreting colonial daily life.</p><br>
<p>In 1736, Noble Jones obtained a grant for 500 acre of land on the Isle of Hope that would form the core of Wormsloe. He constructed a fortified house on the southeastern tip of the island overlooking the Skidaway Narrows, a strategic section of the Skidaway River located along the Intracoastal Waterway roughly halfway between downtown Savannah and the Atlantic Ocean. The fortified house was part of a network of defensive structures established by James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, and early Georgia colonists to protect Savannah from a potential Spanish invasion. Jones subsequently developed Wormsloe into a small plantation, and his descendants built a large mansion at the site which they used as a country residence.</p><br>
<p>The State of Georgia acquired the bulk of the Wormsloe Plantation in 1973, and opened it to the public as a state historic site in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic setting</h2><br>
<p>The Isle of Hope is an island (or peninsula, depending on marsh water levels) situated approximately 11 mi southeast of downtown Savannah in Georgias Lower Coastal Plain region. The island stretches for approximately 4 mi from its northern tip to its southern tip and for roughly 2 mi from its eastern shore to its western shore. The Skidaway River, which is part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, forms the islands eastern shore. The islands southwest shore is formed by the Moon River, and the islands northwest shore formed by the Herb River. Typical of Georgia&#39;s inshore coastal islands, the Isle of Hope is completely surrounded by a tidal salt marsh. Skidaway Island is located opposite the Skidaway River to the east and the Georgia mainland is located opposite the Moon River to the west. Wormsloe occupies most of the southern half of the Isle of Hope.</p><br>
<p>A small island known as Long Island lies between Skidaway Island and the Isle of Hope and splits the Skidaway River into two narrow channels, the main (navigable) channel of which is known as the Skidaway Narrows. The main channel of the Skidaway River presently flows between Long Island and Skidaway Island, although in colonial times the main channel flowed between Long Island and the Isle of Hope, giving Wormsloe its historically strategic importance. When traveling by water, the Isle of Hope is just over 10 mi from the Atlantic Ocean (via the Skidaway, Vernon, and Ogeechee rivers) to the southeast and just over 10 mi from the port of Savannah (via the Skidaway, Wilmington, and Savannah rivers) to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>Skidaway Road connects Wormsloe and the Isle of Hope to USA Route 80 near downtown Savannah. The Isle of Hope is located entirely within Chatham County. Wormsloe Historic Site is managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Native Americans have probably inhabited the Isle of Hope on at least a semi-annual basis for thousands of years, as indicated by oyster shell deposits excavated in the vicinity. By the time European explorers arrived in the area in the 16th century, the island was claimed by the Yuchi and the Creek tribe. When the first permanent English colonists landed at what is now Savannah in 1733, the island was part of the domain of the Yamacraw, a detached branch of the Creeks, although the island was apparently uninhabited at the time. James Oglethorpe, the leader of these English colonists, maintained a friendly relationship with the Yamacraw chief Tomochichi, and managed to peacefully acquire the Savannah area and the lands in its vicinity.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the late 17th-century, Spain (which had established itself in Florida in the previous century) retained loose control over the Georgia coast via Native American allies. This inevitably brought them into conflict with the growing English colonies to the north, namely Carolina. In 1702, Carolina governor James Moore led an expedition against Spanish settlements in Florida and, en route, raided and destroyed the Spanish Native American missions off the Georgia coast. While Spain still claimed the coast and islands, the area was largely abandoned, creating a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and the English Carolinas.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1730s, the English decided to colonize the islands between the Carolinas and Florida. A charter was granted in 1732, and the first colonists set sail in the same year. The English colonists that arrived at Savannah in 1733 formed the core of what would eventually become the colony and state of Georgia. Among them was Noble Jones (d. 1775), a physician and carpenter from Lambeth, England who made the Transatlantic crossing with his wife and two children. Jones was apparently a loose acquaintance of Oglethorpe, and just before the colonists set sail from England, the colonys Trustees made Jones one of the settlements lead officials. Like the other first settlers, Jones received a town lot in Savannah and a small farm on the outskirts of the town.</p><br>
<h3>Establishment of Wormsloe</h3><br>
<p>Noble Jones applied for a lease for 500 acre on the south side of the Isle of Hope in 1736 (the Trustees did not approve the lease until 1745) and began building a fortified house overlooking the Skidaway Narrows. The house was constructed between 1739 and 1745 using wood and tabby, a crude type of concrete made from oyster shells and lime. The fortress consisted of 8 ft high walls with bastions at each of its four corners. The fort house was 1.5 stories and had five rooms. Oglethorpe allotted Jones fort a 12-man marine garrison and a scout boat with which to patrol the river. "Wormslow"&mdash; the name Jones gave to his Isle of Hope estate&mdash; probably refers to Wormslow Hundred, Herefordshire, in the Welsh border country from which the Jones family hailed. Some historians suggest the name refers to Jones attempts to cultivate silkworms at the plantation, but as his son Noble Wimberly Jones named his plantation "Lambeth" after his birthplace on the south bank of the Thames, the former theory is more likely.</p><br>
<p>Noble Jones fortified house was one of several defensive works built between Frederica on Saint Simons Island and the Savannah townsite. The English were concerned that the Spanish still claimed the area and would eventually attempt to expel them. Conflict erupted in 1739 with the outbreak of the War of Jenkins Ear, the name for the regional theater of the greater War of the Austrian Succession. Jones took part in an English raid along the St. Johns River in northern Florida in 1740, as well as the successful defense of Frederica at the Battle of Bloody Marsh in 1742. The end of the war in 1748 largely neutralized Spanish threats to the new colony.</p><br>
<p>The War of Jenkins&#39; Ear is commemorated annually on the last Saturday in May at Wormsloe Plantation.</p><br>
<h3>Antebellum Wormsloe</h3><br>
<p>The practice of slavery had been banned by Georgias original charter, so Noble Jones used indentured servant labor to tend Wormsloe in the plantations early years. When the Trustees revoked the ban on slavery in 1749, Jones used slave labor in order to make Wormsloe profitable. Jones initially planted several types of crops, including corn, rice, various fruits and vegetables, and possibly indigo. The Georgia Trustees encouraged the production of silk; Jones planted mulberry trees and tried unsuccessfully to produce silk at Wormsloe. While Wormsloe never proved profitable, Jones managed to amass real estate wealth throughout his lifetime, including 5,500 acre and five town lots in the Savannah area. Jones served the young colony in multiple civic capacities, as judge, militia captain, and colonial legislator.</p><br>
<p>With the death of Noble Jones in 1775, Wormsloe passed to his daughter, Mary Jones Bulloch (c. 1730-1795). Jones death occurred just as the American colonies were on the verge of breaking away from England. Jones remained a loyal supporter of King George III throughout his life, a stance that often brought him in direct conflict with his son, Noble Wimberly Jones (1723–1805), who was an ardent supporter of Patriot causes. Noble Wimberly led the Georgia Commons House in its rejection of the Townshend Acts in 1768, and took part in a mission that seized a large supply of gunpowder from the provincial powder magazine in 1776. Noble Jones will stipulated that after the death of his daughter, Wormsloe would pass to Noble Wimberly and thence to Noble Wimberly&#39;s heirs "forever." Thus Noble Wimberly inherited Wormsloe in 1795 upon the death of his sister, and deeded the plantation to his son George Jones (1766–1838) in 1804.</p><br>
<p>George Jones, who served as a USA senator and in various capacities in the Savannah government, built a new, more elaborate house at Wormsloe in 1828, which is the plantation house that is still standing, and made cotton a staple of the plantation. Jones&#39;s son, George Frederick Tilghman Jones (1827–1880), inherited Wormsloe in 1857.</p><br>
<p>George Frederick Tilghman Jones took an active interest in Wormsloe (he changed the spelling from "Wormslow" to "Wormsloe"), enlarging the plantations gardens, adding the first oak-lined avenue, and expanding the house. He changed his name to George Wimberley Jones De Renne (a corruption of his grandmothers maiden name, Van Deren). He began publishing a periodical collection of rare early Georgia documents under the title, the Wormsloe Quartos.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War (1861–1865), Wormsloe and the Isle of Hope were fortified by Confederate forces. When Union forces captured Savannah in 1864, the Jones/De Renne family was forced to flee. Although the plantation was confiscated by the USA government (it seized the property of planters who had supported the Confederacy), the property was eventually returned when De Renne was granted a full pardon by President Andrew Johnson.</p><br>
<h3>Wormsloe in the 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In his will, George Wimberley Jones De Renne entrusted Wormsloe to a Pennsylvania insurance company until the death of his son, Wimberley Jones De Renne (1853–1916), at which time the estate would pass to his grandchildren. Wimberley Jones De Renne maintained Wormsloe, further expanding the gardens and planting a new oak avenue (still in use) lined with over 400 oak trees. He continued his fathers contributions to history and tradition, publishing several works for the Georgia Historical Society and establishing Wormsloes library. Upon his death in 1916, Wormsloe passed to the grandchildren of George Wimberley Jones De Renne. In 1917, one grandson, Wymberley Wormsloe De Renne (1891–1966), bought his cousins&#39; shares of the plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 after the stock market crash, Elfrida De Renne Barrow (1884–1970) assumed her brother Wymberly&#39;s debts, and eventually made the plantation her official residence. Barrow created the Wormsloe Foundation, which continued and expanded the family tradition of publishing works related to Georgia history.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, Barrow donated most of the Wormsloe estate to the Wormsloe Foundation, while retaining ownership of Wormsloe House and its immediate area. In 1972, after the Wormsloe Foundation&#39;s tax-exempt status was revoked, the foundation transferred ownership of Wormsloe to the Nature Conservancy, which in turn transferred it to the State of Georgia the following year. In 1979, the state opened the site to the public as Wormsloe Historic Site. The descendants of Noble Jones still control Wormsloe House and its surrounding acreage.</p><br>
<h3>Wormsloe Historic Site</h3><br>
<p>The arched entrance to Wormsloe is located just off Skidaway Road, near the Isle of Hope community. The state-controlled area includes the scenic oak-lined avenue, a museum, and a walking trail that leads through the dense maritime forest to the ruins of the tabby fort built by Jones in 1745. More recently, the park has established a colonial life demonstration area, which includes a replica wattle and daub hut and several small outbuildings that simulate a living area for Jones&#39; marines and slaves.</p><br>
<p>The Wormsloe site is within a dense oak-pine maritime forest. Much of the forest originally pre-dated European settlement of the Isle of Hope, but a southern pine beetle infestation in the 1970s killed off most of the old-growth pines. A short interpretive trail near the museum displays prints of wildlife and birds by the 18th-century naturalist Mark Catesby.</p><br>
<p>Cherry Valley Village Historic District is a national historic district in Cherry Valley in Otsego County, New York. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It encompasses 226 contributing buildings, one contributing site, three contributing structures, and two contributing objects. Its boundaries were increased in 1995, by an area called the Lindesay Patent Rural Historic District. It encompasses 331 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Cooperstown Historic District is a national historic district in Cooperstown, Otsego County, New York, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. which is individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the boundaries of the historic district were increased to include the Fenimore Farm Stone Agricultural Buildings that were built in 1918 and designed by Frank P. Whiting.</p><br>
<p>Cooperstown was settled in the late 18th century by William Cooper, father of novelist James Fenimore Cooper, whose novels were set in and around Cooperstown.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing buildings</h2><br>
<p>Byberry Cottage</p><br>
<p>Doubleday Field</p><br>
<p>Edgewater</p><br>
<p>Elleryt Cory House</p><br>
<p>Iron Clad Building</p><br>
<p>Lakelands</p><br>
<p>Otsego County Bank</p><br>
<p>Pomeroy Place</p><br>
<p>The Inn at Cooperstown</p><br>
<p>The Otesaga Hotel</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office</p><br>
<p>Woodside Hall</p><br>
<p>The Leesport Lock House is a house accompanying a lock on the Schuylkill Canal in Leesport, Pennsylvania, USA. The house was built adjacent to the Leesport Locks #36 and #37 to allow canal barges to move quickly up and down the canal. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1977. The property was purchased in 1975 by a group of teachers and school directors from the Schuylkill Valley School District. They organized the Leesport Lockhouse Foundation. After paying the no interest mortgage, provided by The First National Bank of Leesport, they turned title to the property over to Berks County. The County purchased the neighboring car wash, built over a section of the locks, and transferred ownership to the Borough of Leesport. The property and programs are administered by the Leesport Lockhouse Foundation, Inc.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Lock House is located at 27 E Wall Street in Leesport, Pennsylvania, on the east side of the Schuylkill River. Adjacent the Lock House a car wash stood for many years, situated on the foundation of the lock. The lock walls can still be seen just above the remaining portion of the lower lock.</p><br>
<p>The Lock House is across the street from the Union Fire Company #1 of Leesport and the ambulance station of the Schuylkill Valley EMS.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lock House was originally built in 1834 by the Schuylkill Navigation Company. The Schuylkill Navigation Company was chartered to build a series of navigation improvements in the Schuylkill River, allowing coal from the Coal Region to be delivered from Port Clinton to the ports in Philadelphia. The Schuylkill Navigation Company was the only means of carrying coal en-masse to Philadelphia for twenty years, until the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was completed in 1841. Within only four years, the railroad was hauling three times the amount of coal as the Schuylkill Canal.</p><br>
<p>Although the canal continued to carry nearly two million tons of anthracite up through 1859, the Reading Railroad continued to transport more than the canal. In 1860, use of the canal started to decline. In 1869, a coal miners strike caused a shortage of material to be transported, a drought saw a severe drop in water levels in the canal, and severe flooding later damaged many portions of the canal. The Schuylkill Navigation Company struggled to find money to repair the damage, until it was ultimately leased to the Reading Railroad in 1870. By 1890, traffic on the canal was carrying less than a tenth of the cargo as it had during its most prosperous years.</p><br>
<p>However, the Lock House remained a symbol of economic growth in the Leesport area. Ultimately, both the canal and the railroad served to develop Leesport&#39;s economy.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Lock House and surrounding grounds have been restored to their 1880–1910 condition and are maintained by the Leesport Lock House Foundation. The Lock House also hosts an annual Strawberry and Heritage Festival in early June.</p><br>
<p>Several relevant artifacts of the Lock House and other paraphernalia from the Schuylkill Canal can be found at the Hoss&#39;s Restaurant located just south of Leesport on the nearby Route 61.</p><br>
<p>The Robert M. and Matilda  Grindley House was a private residence located at 123 Parsons Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, but was subsequently demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Robert and Matilda Kitch Grindley House was constructed in 1897 as a single-family dwelling for the Grindley family. The house is significant because of its association with the Grindley family. Three of the Grindleys (Robert McBride, Sarah, and Joseph) made significant contributions to the surrounding community, including participating in various churches and in the social development of local youth.</p><br>
<p>Robert McBride Grindley married Matilda Kitch in 1891. Robert was president of City & Suburban Homes Company, Ltd., and was involved in much of the subdivision of what is now Detroit&#39;s western and northwestern sections. The company helped manufacturers locate plant sites, found temporary and permanent homes for their workers, and pioneered and an easy payment plan, enabling hundreds of people to buy their own homes. Robert was also a key influence in the establishment of the Boys Club of Detroit and was a Charter Member of the Detroit Board of Commerce. He died in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Sarah A. Grindley opened several Sunday schools and a camp, and was godmother to many children whose fathers were factory workers. She died in 1945. Joseph Grindley was known as a philanthropist; he founded a camp for under-privileged children and worked with a number of children&#39;s clubs. When Joseph died in 1961, the Grindley home was sold out of the family to Harold and Marie Corbett, which they left to their daughter Charlene Corbett in 1986, and was later sold to The Detroit Symphony Orchestra Hall, in 1997. The Detroit Symphony Orchestra Hall decided to demolish the home to make room for a parking structure in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was a -story brick building, built in a Colonial Revival style with Classical detailing. The large gable on the front façade was covered in slate, and embellished with console brackets, scalloped trim, a carved oculus encircled by a frame and voussoirs, and a large two-part lattice window. The window was originally contained in an ornate surround, with a sill supported by modillions, colonettes, and a lintel with carved swags topped with a shell motif. Side dormers with a central lunette, also faced with slate, crossed the slate roof.</p><br>
<p>Philip Ackley Stanton House is a Mission Revival—Spanish Colonial Revival style house in Anaheim, California. It is now within the Fairmont Preparatory Academy.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Colonial hacienda-style house built in 1929 by Col. Philip A. Stanton.</p><br>
<p>Fairmont Middle and High School (later renamed Fairmont Preparatory Academy) opened in September 1994 on the site of the Stanton estate, which includes the Philip Ackley Stanton House.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Old Towne, Orange Historic District, also known as Downtown Orange, and colloquially The Circle is a one square-mile district around Plaza Park in Orange, California, and contains many of the original structures built in the period after the citys incorporation. It is a vibrant commercial district, containing Orange Countys oldest operating bank. The Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, and is the largest National Register District in California. The Old Towne Preservation Association is a non-profit organization dedicated to maintaining the district.</p><br>
<p>According to State Historic Resource Surveys, Orange is unique among the region and the state in that it has the second largest concentration of historic buildings. A list of all of the buildings and sites in Orange that appear in the National Register of Historic Places can be found at National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, California.</p><br>
<h2>Orange International Street Fair</h2><br>
<p>The district is home to the Orange International Street Fair, which has been held annually every Labor Day weekend since 1973. The inaugural event was held to celebrate the citys centennial and pay homage to the original 1910 Orange Street Fair. The Fairs success led to the city holding the event annually ever since. The event covers the Plaza, West and East Chapman Avenue, and North and South Glassell Street, and features international food and drink, live music and entertainment, and showcases for local businesses and non-profit organizations. The event typically draws several hundred thousand attendees over the course of the weekend.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural styles in Old Towne Orange</h2><br>
<p>(see also California Bungalow—Bungalow)</p><br>
<p>(see also American Craftsman)</p><br>
<p>(see also Hip roof)</p><br>
<p>(see also Mediterranean Revival Style architecture)</p><br>
<p>(see also Prairie Style architecture)</p><br>
<p>(see also Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture)</p><br>
<p>(see also Victorian architecture)</p><br>
<p>St. Boniface Roman Catholic Church was a Roman Catholic church located at 2356 Vermont Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was also known as St. Boniface-St. Vincent Roman Catholic Church. The church was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1983 The church was removed from the NRHP in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The German Catholic citizens of Detroit began moving to the west side in the 1860s, particularly along the Michigan Avenue corridor. In 1867, Bishop Casper Borgess created St. Boniface parish to serve the German population on the west side. In 1873, a two-story, red brick Italianate rectory building was built for the parish at a cost of $6,000. A stone church building was planned by the prominent local architect William M. Scott, and construction was completed in 1883 at a cost of $30,000.</p><br>
<p>The parish was closed in 1989, and the building was demolished in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. Boniface Church was an eclectic example of Romanesque Revival and Ruskinian Gothic architecture. It was built in a cruciform shape from red brick and cream-painted wood, and featured a high nave roof, steeply gabled stone entry arches, and a central pavilion with recessed round arches. The church had a square, louvered bell tower with an octagonal metal roof. The side walls were supported by heavy, stone-embellished buttresses. The rectory was a two-story Italianate stone building, painted black. It had a modified hip-roof with cross-gabled dormers and a bracketed corniceline, an open gabled portico, and rectangular and round arch window enframements.</p><br>
<p>The James "Squire" Patton House is located along the brief overlap of NY 207 and 300 in New Windsor, New York, United States. It is on a five-acre  parcel owned by the nearby city of Newburgh, formerly used for police K-9 training. The house now sits abandoned and in a state of decay.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1790, although it is not known by whom. Patton, a prominent local farmer and landowner, bought the property as a young man a quarter-century later. It assumed its present form after several additions and renovations in the first 40 years of its existence. In 2008 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is a -story five-bay frame structure facing the road to the south, on a lot that slopes slightly up to and past it. Its front facade has four windows and a centrally located entranceway with wooden steps leading up to a covered porch. The raised foundation is of mortared fieldstone with some attempt at an ashlar pattern on the corners. The roof is a steeply pitched and gabled. Two brick chimneys rise from it.</p><br>
<p>A small stone lean-to was added on to the east at a later date. On the west are two exposed firebacks.</p><br>
<p>The interior has undergone more extensive renovation than the exterior, most recently for use as a police training facility. Beyond the room modified to serve as a classroom, many of the original finishes, the original plaster and decoration remains. The fireplace mantels have Federal style Tuscan colonettes with frieze and entablature, and the unusual rear-facing open-stringer staircase has a pyramidal newel post and oval handrails.</p><br>
<p>There are several contributing resources to the rear of the house. A two-story wooden barn is believed to date to 1880, and the remains of a stone smokehouse and another unidentified structure are nearby. The pattern of their stonework is similar to the lean-to on the east elevation, suggesting all three were built around the same time in the early 19th century. An old well and stone walls complete the original farmstead property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its original construction, the house was a more modest structure, less deep and less wide. In the early 19th century, it is believed, the house was expanded to its present size and the first floor reconfigured more in keeping with the Federal style houses beginning to come into style. Some traces of this expansion can still be seen on both the interior and exterior.</p><br>
<p>Patton, who had been born and raised a short distance away, bought the house and surrounding farmland that was to eventually reach 200 acre by 1830, possibly in 1825. He married around that time and began the house&#39;s last remodeling, adding the Federal decorative touches inside and other changes to make it a better home for his growing family. He distinguished himself in the Newburgh-area business community, helping to establish two banks, and served in several town offices. In 1860 his holdings were valued at $20,000 ($ in 2008 dollars).</p><br>
<p>His son William returned to the farm with his own family in 1880 to help his aging father. By 1900, after the older man&#39;s death, William and the family and their servants had returned to Montgomery Street in Newburgh. He still owned the farm, but his workers lived in the house.</p><br>
<p>James Patton&#39;s land were slowly subdivided and sold in the early years of the 20th century. By the time the city of Newburgh acquired the land as part of the expansion of its Lake Washington reservoir to the north, only 52 acre were left. Eventually the city converted it to its present use as a police training facility.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>Colonial-era houses in the Hudson Valley often strongly reflect either English or Dutch building traditions, sometimes combining both, as in the Bull Stone House in nearby Hamptonburgh. After independence, the Dutch-style stone houses faded from popularity in favor of more traditional English styles, which the Patton house largely reflects. The -story height, however, is a Dutch style, perhaps the only one that continued to be in use.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church and Parish House is a historic Episcopal church located at Watertown in Jefferson County, New York. The church was built in 1889-1890 and is massive, rambling Richardsonian Romanesque–style edifice built of random coursed, ashlar stone with a water table and foundation of similar stone. The parish house was built in 1912–1913.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Terra Rubra is a historic home and plantation located near Keysville, Carroll County, Maryland. It was the birth site of Francis Scott Key in 1779. The present Federal-style house was built in the 1850s after the Key residence had become badly deteriorated. The original house was built in the 1770s by Francis Key for his son John Ross Key, father of Francis Scott Key.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Westminster Historic District comprises the historic center of Westminster, Maryland. The district includes about 1400 structures, with a high proportion of contributing structures. The town exhibits a variety of building styles and notable examples of Greek Revival, Georgian, and Gothic Revival style architecture. Most of the structures exhibit early 19th-century residential vernacular architecture and mid-19th century commercial architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Belfield, also known as the Charles Willson Peale House, was the home of Charles Willson Peale from 1810 to 1826, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Belfield Estate was a 104 acre area of land in the Logan section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, much of which is now a part of La Salle University’s campus.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>In 1684, William Penn granted to Thomas Bowman 588 acre near Germantown. Bowman kept the land for two years, and sold it to Samuel Richardson, a Quaker who was active in the early colonial government of Pennsylvania. The property extended from Old York Road to the edges of Germantown, with Richardson&#39;s home, "Newington", located on Old York Road.</p><br>
<p>Upon Samuel Richardson&#39;s death in 1719, his son Joseph inherited the land, and split it among his children, with the area that would become Belfield going to his second son, John. John Richardson sold a portion of the land to John Eckstein in 1731. The 1731 deed mentions "Buildings & Woods & Underwoods, Timbers, Trees, Meadows, Marshes." This is the first time that "buildings" are recorded on the property. The once free-standing, square structure now attached to the rear of the main house is believed to be the oldest surviving building, but it is not known whether this building existed at the time of the sale to Eckstein.</p><br>
<p>Eckstein transferred the land that the main house is located on to his daughter Magdalena and son-in-law Conrad Weber in 1755, and after the death of Eckstein in 1763 the land was split among his remaining children. Two of the remaining children of Eckstein became members of the religious Ephrata Cloister in Lancaster County, and all had sold their land to Weber by 1786. Though the exact date of construction of the main house at Belfield is not known, Peale later wrote that it was built "by a Dutchman". As Weber was the son of a Dutch immigrant, this would date the house to sometime after 1755.</p><br>
<p>Weber sold the property to his tenant Richard Neave in 1804, not having lived on the property himself since the 1770s. Neave owned the property until his death in 1809, when it was sold to his tenants, Charles and Mary Grégoire. The Grégoires possessed the property for just three months before putting it up for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Charles Willson Peale</h2><br>
<p>Seeking to retire, Charles Willson Peale turned over the administration of his Philadelphia Museum to his son, Rubens, and began to look for a small country estate. He purchased the land in 1810 from Charles Grégoire for $9500. Peale initially named the estate Farm Persevere, and wrote to Thomas Jefferson, telling him "by labor and perseverance I obtained it." Friends of Peales thought that this name was far too solemn, and as a result, by 1812 he had changed it to Bellefield, which later, became Belfield.&#39;</p><br>
<p>Peale began renovations on the mansion house after purchasing the property, separating partitions in between rooms, and adding a "painting room to the north side of the house. When this room was destroyed in a storm in August 1817, a larger, two-story addition was added.</p><br>
<p>In October 1821, Peale and his wife Hannah contracted yellow fever, which led to Hannah&#39;s death. A weakened Peale moved in with his son Rubens, and put Belfield up for sale. In January 1826, William Logan Fisher, whose estate of Wakefield bordered Belfield to the southeast, purchased the property for $11,000.</p><br>
<h3>Gardens and Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The Wister family later built a gazebo on this site that as of 2014 is in a ruined state. Northwest of the summer house was an obelisk at the end of a garden walk. Peale painted four mottos that governed his life on the base of this obelisk, one on each side. It was Peales wish to have been buried at the foot of this obelisk, yet it was not to be, as Peale sold Belfield a year before his death. Though Peale was not buried at this location, the Wister family later buried their dog, a white German Spitz named Kaiser&#39;, there. A reproduction of this obelisk was created by La Salle alumni in 2000.</p><br>
<p>There were originally seven natural pools and springs that existed within the massive property. The ruins of Peales cave and greenhouse still stand. The cave is now underneath the stump of a coffee tree, but the deteriorating masonry is still visible. The greenhouses walls are to the west, and are mostly overgrown with brush and ivy while the location of Peale&#39;s pond has been paved over by a driveway.</p><br>
<p>While the condition of the gardens and greenhouses may have deteriorated during the unforgiving embrace of time, they once used to be magnificent, with numerous flora of all kinds scattered all throughout the greenhouses and on the grounds. The flora included a fig tree to the south side of the small gardener&#39;s cottage along with a box tree only a couple of yards away. This tree was replaced several times during the history of Belfield. There were numerous transplanted trees that are scattered throughout the land but throughout all the years, only one tree can be described as the strongest and longest lasting. This is the old hickory tree that was and still is standing near the greenhouses.</p><br>
<h2>After Peale</h2><br>
<p>After purchasing the property from Peale, William Logan Fisher and wife Sarah Lindley Fisher lived on the estate. Sarah Lindley Fisher attracted a lot of guests when she arrived to the estate. Together the two had three children. The first was Sarah Lindley in 1818, the second, Charles William in 1820, and finally Mary Rodman in 1822. William gave the estate to his daughter Sarah upon her marriage to William Wister in 1826. According to the Wisters great-granddaughter, Mary Meigs, Belfield served as a stop on the Underground Railroad, though there is no contemporary evidence of this claim. During this time, William Wister and William Logan Fisher together founded the Belfield Print Works, located at the edge of the property, at the present-day intersection of Belfield Avenue and Wister Street. William Rotch Wister, the Wisters eldest son, and father of horticulturist John Caspar Wister, had a house constructed on the estate in 1868 for his family, this house is now La Salles Mary and Frances Wister Fine Arts Studio. In 1876, he moved his family across the street to another house he had built, the mansion Wister&#39;, which was deeded to Fairmount Park and demolished in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The Wisters second son, John, purchased the remaining property upon Sarahs death in 1891. John Wister made several improvements to the property, installing a furnace in the main house, and building a greenhouse next to the ruins of Peale&#39;s. The foundations of this greenhouse survive as of 2010. In July 1907, the carriage house caught fire, causing the panicked Wister family to flee Belfield, though there was no actual damage to the main house.</p><br>
<p>After John died in 1900, his wife Sallie Wister continued to live at Belfield until her death in 1922. Upon her death, it was discovered that John Wisters will gave Belfield to his second daughter Sarah Logan Wister Starr, who had lived in another house on the property, later dubbed The Mansion, since her marriage in 1901. Wisters eldest daughter, Bessie, felt slighted, leading to a feud between the sisters lasting several decades.</p><br>
<p>During the ownership of Sarah and her husband James Starr, the property had bathrooms installed and underground electric and telephone lines run to it. They had the colonial kitchen restored, and planted citrus trees, and a garden of one hundred Tea Roses. James, who had an interest in China, added several rock gardens and in the rear of the main house, a "Chinese Garden" that still survives. The date of the gardens construction was recorded in Chinese characters on the gardens wall. Also during the Starr&#39;s ownership, 20th Street was constructed and a deep trench was cut in the hillside, requiring a 14 foot retaining wall be built along what is now the eastern edge of the estate.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, La Salle College purchased a portion of land on the east side of 20th Street from the Starrs for $27,500. The remaining portion of the campus was purchased from other descendants of William Logan Fisher.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, S. Logan Wister Starr and her husband Daniel Blain inherited the mansion from Logans parents, they kept the property a fully functioning and self-sufficient farm, despite spending most of their time in Nova Scotia. Under the Blains, in 1966, the property was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Having rented The Mansion and another house, Shaw Manor&#39;, from the Blains since the early 1960s for dormitory space, La Salle purchased both houses in 1968, and demolished them for parking space.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Logan Blain died, and her son, Daniel Blain, Jr. sold the remainder of the estate to La Salle University, in 1984.</p><br>
<p>La Salle University began a renovation of the estate after purchasing it, converting it from a farm into a park-like area. Several structures were demolished, including Peales stable and hen house, which were leveled to construct a parking lot and later tennis courts. The main house of Belfield, now called Peale House&#39;, was also converted to the office for the President of La Salle, while the former tenant house on the south end of the property was used for Japanese tea ceremonies from the 1980s until 2007.</p><br>
<p>Old Carriage House Belfield.JPGThe Wister&#39;s carriage house and Peale House.</p><br>
<p>House at Belfield.JPGThe Gatehouse on the Belfield Estate.</p><br>
<p>Belfield Meadow.JPGA view looking west from the meadow.</p><br>
<p>20th Street Wall.JPGA view looking south along 20th street at the retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>Belfield view of 20th Street.JPGAnother view along 20th Street.</p><br>
<p>The Rio Grande Theatre in Las Cruces, New Mexico was opened on July 29, 1926. The theatre was built by Seale and Dyne and operated by the Central Theatres Corporation of Denver.</p><br>
<p>The first movie shown was the silent movie Mare Nostrum, directed by Rex Ingram.</p><br>
<p>Fox West Coast Theatres bought the Rio Grande Theatre in October 1929. The Fox chain installed sound equipment and showed a sound picture for the October 20, 1929 opening night.</p><br>
<p>The theatre survived both an earthquake and a fire in the early 1930s. It remained in operation until 1997, when it closed due to financial hardship. The theatre was purchased by the Dona Ana Arts Council and restored, opening again in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Many major musical artists have performed at the Rio Grande Theatre including Judy Collins, Joe Bonamassa, and Wishbone Ash.</p><br>
<p>Abo Elementary School in Artesia, New Mexico, United States, was the first public school in the United States constructed entirely underground and equipped to function as an advanced fallout shelter. Designed at the height of the Cold War and completed in 1962, the school had a concrete slab roof which doubled as the school&#39;s playground. It contained a large storage facility with room for emergency rations and supplies for up to 2,160 people in the event of nuclear warfare or other catastrophe. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Abo Elementary School was built partly to further the development of American fallout shelter design and to further knowledge about the long-term effects of life underground in a shelter environment. The US civil defense film Duck and Cover was produced with students in mind, in the hopes that they would learn how, in the event of a nuclear blast, to be shielded from glass and blast waves using desks and chairs. However, educators, school administrators, and government officials soon realized that such measures would be inadequate, especially if a school received a direct hit from an atomic blast or was within the immediate blast radius of the weapon. One official argued that his school district was "in no position to guarantee physical protection … from a thermonuclear explosion or radioactive fallout." Many state departments of education viewed the school shelter plans as "worthless". California&#39;s Department of Education, for example, was given designs intended to reduce radiation levels inside the school to 1/100 the level outdoors. These plans were rejected. When the California Department of Education then specified protection which would increase the protection factor to 1/1,000, it judged the costs to be too high, and the plans were rejected. Other departments of education and administrators rejected such plans because of their concern for the psychological well-being of their students, who, they believed, would be "constantly reminded of the possibility of a nuclear war" if kept in such a school for extended periods of time.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Building the Abo Elementary School required that it be constructed with concrete reinforcing walls and a concrete outer shell to protect the inner parts of the school. To fulfill all requirements, Abo contained multiple drinking-water wells, a cafeteria, food storage, bedding and supplies for up to 2,160 people, air-filtration systems, an emergency power-generation system, decontamination systems, carpet, and a morgue.</p><br>
<p>Architect Frank Standhardt, in designing the school said, "I consider my profession derelict on civil defense. Weve had ten years of grace and done nothing about it." Standhardt had built multiple aboveground windowless schools before Abo, believing them to positively influence pupils ability to concentrate. He also cited reduced maintenance costs since there were no windows. Construction cost estimates were inconsistent: a Time magazine article (September 5, 1960) quotes Standhardt as estimating the costs at 10% above the cost of an average above-ground school, while Loretta Hall in Underground Buildings: More than Meets the Eye suggests a cost increase at 30 percent. Regardless, the USA Office of Civil Defense contributed the excess cost, assuming that it would benefit from any empirical testing performed on the students in the underground environment.</p><br>
<p>Standhardt designed the school in such a way as to make every element serve multiple purposes. To reduce cost of concrete, for example, the concrete shell roof of the school would double as a basketball court, and the drinking wells were designed to pump water into the air conditioning systems during peacetime. Two-way radio systems, Geiger counters, and fire fighting equipment were also built into the design.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural impact and criticism</h2><br>
<p>Within Artesia, Abo Elementary School was lauded by teachers and many parents. Teachers often described Abos students as less likely to cause trouble, more attentive, and less likely to require discipline. On the other hand, many of those same students described heightened awareness of the possibility of nuclear war, and some were terrified that they could be orphaned in the event of war. One of the most substantial fears raised by students involved the 2,160 person capacity of the school. In the event of a war, only the first 2,160 people would be allowed into the school for shelter, which would likely have left the majority of Artesias nearly 12,000 residents, including the parents of some of Abo&#39;s students, without any shelter in the event of a nuclear attack.</p><br>
<p>Outside of Artesia, Abo Elementary School was condemned by many councils and groups, some of whom rejected the concept of an underground school entirely. Notwithstanding, the President of Artesias Board of Education, C.P. Bunch, called the school "more a matter of insurance than fear", and expressed hope that future schools built in Artesia would follow its example. Federal studies concluded that the students suffered no long-term effects from their time in Abo, and many students who suffered from chronic allergies or asthma were transferred to Abo as its advanced air filtration systems reduced the impact of dust storms and allergens. Indeed, these studies concluded that many students health improved as a result of extended time in the school.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>Abo Elementary School was shut down in 1995 as a result of increased maintenance costs, aging mechanical equipment and difficulties associated with removing asbestos insulation from the underground, windowless structure. A new school, Yeso Elementary School, was built next door and Abo was converted into a storage facility.</p><br>
<p>The Belknap Bridge  crosses the McKenzie River near the unincorporated community of Rainbow in Lane County, Oregon, United States. It is approximately three miles west of the town of McKenzie Bridge which is named after the bridge. It is the fourth covered bridge built on the site. The bridge is well maintained and open to traffic. The Belknap Bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lane County was the first in Oregon to build covered bridges on a large scale. Today, the county has more surviving covered bridges than any other county west of the Mississippi River, a total of 17 bridges, including 14 that are still open to traffic. There has been a covered bridge at the Belknap Bridge site since 1890 as four different bridge structures.</p><br>
<p>The original Belknap Bridge was built in 1890 by Mr. T. Thomson. It was named for a pioneer family that settled in the McKenzie River area, Rollin S. Belknap, who discovered and developed Belknap Springs approximately nine miles upstream from the bridge. His son, J. H. Belknap, was involved in promoting a toll road over McKenzie Pass in the early 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Traffic weakened the structure over time, so Lane County replaced it in 1911. The second bridge was replaced in 1939. That bridge, however, was destroyed in the Pacific Northwest flood of 1964. The current bridge opened in 1966. In 1975, louvered windows were added to the south side of the structure to improve the bridge&#39;s interior light. The bridge structure was strengthened and the exterior repaired in 1992. In 2002, a new roof was installed as part of a general bridge renovation project.</p><br>
<p>Because of its unique scenic beauty and its importance to Oregons transportation history, the Belknap Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Today, Lane Countys Engineering Division maintains the covered bridges that are open to traffic, including the Belknap Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The current Belknap Bridge was designed for Lane County by the Oregon Bridge Corporation of Springfield, Oregon, as a classic covered bridge. It is 120 ft long, containing a single span supported by a Howe truss system. Its maximum carrying capacity of 39 ST is to accommodate logging trucks. The bridge rests on two concrete foundation piers. Its wooden floor planks and shingled roof are in good condition, as is the weatherboard housing that protects the Howe truss infrastructure from the elements.</p><br>
<p>Most of Oregon&#39;s covered bridges, including the Belknap Bridge, were built using the Howe truss system, developed in 1840 by the Massachusetts architect William Howe. The system uses heavy timbers reinforced with iron or steel rods. The trusses have central beams and crossed timbers with adjustable, vertical iron rods to support the structural load.</p><br>
<p>The West Side Dom Polski is a meeting hall and social club located at 3426 Junction Street in Detroit, Michigan. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It is now the Metro Life International Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1870s, Polish immigrants began settling on the west side of Detroit. As the population grew, several Polish Catholic parishes were established, including St. Casimir (in 1882), St. Francis of Assisi (in 1889), St. Hedwig (in 1903), Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (in 1911), and Our Lady Queen of Angels (in 1915). As in many other Polish-American neighborhoods, plans were made to establish a social and meeting hall called Dom Polski (Polish home).</p><br>
<p>On the West side of Detroit, these plans were developed in 1913 by two Polish social organizations, Lodge 649 of the St. Isadore Society and Lodge 1009 of the St. Cecila Society. Land for the Dom Polski was obtained, and the societies commissioned architect Joseph Julius Gwizdowski to design the building. The structure&#39;s first cornerstone was laid on July 5, 1917. However, the construction soon ran into financial difficulties, and the building was not completed until 1925.</p><br>
<p>When Poles moved from the west side neighborhood, many of the Polish Roman Catholic parishes were closed, and the Dom Polski changed hands. It has recently been used to house the Metro Life International Church and Scotty&#39;s Food and Cookies.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2008 it was up for sale; the property was described as being 20,181 ft&sup2, including a cat room, auditorium with seating for 400, bar, dance studio, basement kitchen, and 6-8 bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church is a church located at 4461 Twenty-Eighth Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1980 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The building now houses the Motor City Missionary Baptist Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1800s, German-speaking immigrants began moving into southwest Detroit. The Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church on Military Street was established in 1882 to service this influx of people. The new congregation quickly swelled, and in 1890, the elders of Zion started a daughter congregation, commissioning the architectural firm of Spier & Rohns to design a wooden structure costing no more than $2000 to build. This building is the only known example of a wooden church designed by the firm.</p><br>
<p>The church was completed in 1891; a wooden parsonage was added the next year and a brick school was built in 1923. The latter two building are included in the city historical listing, while on the church is on the National and state listing.</p><br>
<p>The Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church was built in 1891; the congregation used the building until 1976, when they went defunct. The building was purchased by the Motor City Missionary Baptist Church in 1978. The Motor City Baptist Church congregation was organized in 1967 by Rev. John W. Haynes and his wife Inez.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church is a wooden, Carpenter Gothic chapel. It is frame construction with gables at the ends, a central tower, and vestibule in front. The original clapboard siding still clads the building, although white paint has replaced the original cream-and-gold with red-and-blue accent color scheme. Each side has five tall lancet-arched, stained-glass windows, and the eaves are trimmed with hollow curved brackets and a paneled frieze.</p><br>
<p>The interior is unusually well-preserved. The interior walls feature vertical board wainscoting, with the area above covered in cream painted canvas. The church organ is located on a rear balcony.</p><br>
<p>The altar from Gethsemane is now used by Christ our Savior Lutheran Church in Livonia, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Reformed Church is a historic church located at Startown, Catawba County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1759 - 1903</h3><br>
<p>St. Pauls Reformed Church dates its beginning to 1759. In that year, a German Reformed congregation and a Lutheran congregation, worshipping in the same building, called their first pastor: the Rev. James Martin, a Swiss Reformed pastor. These German immigrants who made up the two congregations had arrived in this country seeking religious freedom and economic relief. The historic St. Pauls Church building was built in 1818 and is the oldest church structure west of the Catawba River.</p><br>
<h3>1904 - 1974</h3><br>
<p>This Reformed/Lutheran, union-church arrangement continued until 1904 when the Reformed congregation decided to relocate a few miles away to the Startown Community to be closer to the homes of its members. In Startown the Reformed congregation constructed a Victorian / Late Gothic Revival-style, one room church building. At this point in its history, St. Paul&#39;s was part of a four-church charge.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 The Reformed Church joined with the Evangelical Synod to form the Evangelical and Reformed Church. The Startown congregation was then referred to as St. Paul&#39;s E&R Church.</p><br>
<h3>1975–present</h3><br>
<p>In 1974, the congregation relocated again, one-half mile from the 1904 church, and built a new facility. The two-church arrangement continued with Bethel Church until 1978 when the St. Paul&#39;s congregation began supporting a full-time pastor on its own.</p><br>
<p>The congregation is nondenominational.</p><br>
<p>Two of the former buildings used by St. Paul&#39;s still stand today: the one constructed in the early 1800s (Old Conover-Startown Road, Newton) and the Victorian-style structure (Startown Road and Dove Street, Newton). Both of these older buildings are registered historic landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The St. Paul&#39;s Reformed Church at Startown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Gilbert House is a small historic residence in the city of Worthington, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1820s and later moved to the present location, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Ezra Gilbert and his wife were among Worthingtons earlier settlers, and they lived in the community into their old age. Events on their sixtieth anniversary in 1888 prompted Mrs. Gilbert to help fund a rectory for the nearby St. Johns Episcopal Church. In the 1840s, they moved into the present house, which had been built in the 1820s; originally located elsewhere, it was relocated to the present site. Its new location made it a neighbor of St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church, as well as of the Worthington School, constructed in 1874 immediately to the west; Kilbourne Middle School now occupies the site. It later become home to the families of Travis Scott and James Ventresca.</p><br>
<p>The Gilberts&#39; house is a small building without a specific architectural style. Covered with shingles, the walls rise to an asphalt roof and sit on a stone foundation. The front of the house rises to a shallow gable, while to the rear, the roof becomes less steep before pivoting 90° and becoming perpendicular to the roof of the rest of the house. The overall design creates an appearance resembling a saltbox, although modifications have been made since construction.</p><br>
<p>In April 1980, the Gilbert House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture, for the building is a little-modified example of worker housing from the early nineteenth century. It was one of approximately twenty Worthington locations added to the National Register together as part of a multiple property submission. The house also lies within the boundaries of the Register-listed Worthington Historic District.</p><br>
